Mock test Set-11

SET-11

Q1. At the stage of speech production, dynamic speaker individuality includes:

a) Lisp- a functional speech disorder

b) Length and shape of vocal tract

c) Thickness of vocal holds

d) Length of vocal folds

Answer: a) Lisp- a functional speech disorder

Explanation: Static and dynamic are the two pillars of speaker individuality at the speech creation stage.

• Static individualities: Anatomical and physiological characteristics, including the length, thickness, and shape of the vocal folds and voice tract.

• Dynamic individualities: Speech patterns, including possible conditions such as lisp.

Sibilant (hissing) sounds are affected by lisp, a functional speech problem.

Types:

• Frontal lisp: Interdental sounds are pronounced

• Lateral lisp: The sounds are accompanied by lateral airflow.

Although the individuality of both static and dynamic speakers can vary with time, it is more frequently observed in the physiological (static) traits of the speaker than in the dynamic ones.

Q2. Which of the undermentioned glasses are not an example of soda lime glass:

A. Float glass

B. Leaded glass

C. Borosilicate glass

D. Tempered glass

E. Ceramic glass

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A and B only

2. B and C only

3. C and D only

4. B and E only

Answer: 4. B and E only

Explanation: Lead glass: SiO2 (54-65%), lead oxide (PbO-18-38%), 13-15% soda (Na2O-13-15%) or potash (K2), and a variety of other oxides make up lead glass. Crystal glass is defined as having a PbO level of less than 18%.

Ceramic glasses: Glasses that have undergone controlled crystallization are known as polycrystalline ceramics. With at least one glassy and one crystalline phase in their composition, they have characteristics that put them in between ceramics and glasses.

Q3. In human hair follicle, inner root sheath (IRS) is composed of three distinct layers, namely Henle, Huxley, and _______.

a) Hair conal layer

b) IRS cuticle layer

c) Bulge canal layer

d) Epidermal layer

Answer: b) IRS cuticle layer

Explanation: A hair follicle is made up of multiple layers of concentric, cylindrical cells.

(a) The outermost layer, known as the Outer Root Sheath (ORS), is next to the epidermis and encloses the follicle's other cell layers.

(b) The developing hair fiber is encased in the Inner Root Sheath (IRS), which is made up of three separate layers. These layers consist of:

• The outermost layer, or Henle layer, is made up of a single layer of cubic cells.

• The intermediate layer, known as the Huxley layer, is made up of one to three layers of flattened cells.

• The deepest layer is the IRS cuticle layer, which is made up of a single, thin layer of overlapping cells that interlock with the hair shaft's cuticle.

Q4. The process of making out what is illegible or what has been effaced, is known as:

a) Decipherment

b) Detection

c) Splicing

d) Skill

Answer: a) Decipherment

Explanation: In the context of forensic document inspection, decipherment refers to the process of reading or understanding the obliterated or erased material that is unintelligible. Decipherment is the process of identifying what is illegible or what has been effaced. Similar to this, decipherment in cryptography refers to a method for cracking codes and ciphers and turning encrypted messages into legible plain text.

Q5. Saliva samples collected for forensic purposes is to be stimulated. For this, what should an individual chew?

a) Chewing gum

b) Lemon

c) Dark chocolate

d) Paraffin wax

Answer: d) Paraffin wax

Explanation: DNA can be extracted for forensic examination from desquamated (shedding dead cell) epithelial cells seen in saliva.

Collection from living individuals:

a. Resting saliva: Gathered using a buccal swab or other method without stimulation.

b. Stimulated saliva: Gathered by utilizing a little citric acid crystal or by chewing paraffin.

Collection from deceased individuals:

a. If there are bite marks or areas that have been licked, the suspected area is swabbed with distilled water, dried, and submitted to the lab.

b. The victim is identified by taking a sample from their mouth.

Q6. Capillary zone electrophoresis could act as a complementary to which of the following separation techniques?

a) Gas chromatography

b) Ion exchange chromatography

c) Size exclusion chromatography

d) Gel chromatography

Answer: b) Ion exchange chromatography

Explanation: Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) is a widely used technique in the separation, purification, and analysis of charged molecules, especially proteins, nucleotides, and small ionic species. It works by exploiting the differences in the net charge of molecules at a given pH, allowing the separation based on their charge interactions with a charged resin.

Principle of Ion Exchange Chromatography

The basic principle of ion exchange chromatography revolves around the interaction between charged molecules in a sample and oppositely charged groups on a resin (stationary phase). The resin contains charged groups that can either bind to positively charged ions (cations) or negatively charged ions (anions) present in the mobile phase (the liquid that carries the sample).

There are two types of ion exchange chromatography based on the nature of the ion exchange groups:

1. Cation Exchange Chromatography (for separating positively charged molecules)

2. Anion Exchange Chromatography (for separating negatively charged molecules)

The stationary phase in ion exchange chromatography consists of a polymer matrix (such as agarose or polystyrene) that is chemically modified to carry charged groups. These groups bind ions of opposite charge in the sample, allowing separation based on the strength of the interaction. Elution of bound molecules can be controlled by changing the ionic strength or pH of the mobile phase, weakening the interactions, and causing the molecules to detach from the resin and elute at different times.

Types of Ion Exchangers:

• Cation Exchangers:

Cation exchangers contain negatively charged functional groups that bind to positively charged molecules (cations). These exchangers are commonly used to purify and separate proteins or other molecules with a positive net charge at a given pH.

- Functional group: Typically, strong cation exchangers have sulfonic acid groups (-SO₃⁻), while weak cation exchangers have carboxyl groups (-COO⁻).

- Mechanism: Positively charged molecules in the sample (e.g., proteins with an overall positive charge) interact with the negatively charged groups on the resin. As the ionic strength or pH of the mobile phase changes, the strength of this interaction weakens, allowing the cationic molecules to elute.

- Applications: Cation exchange is commonly used to separate proteins like histones, which carry a net positive charge at physiological pH, or to isolate specific metal ions like Na⁺ or K⁺.

• Anion Exchangers:

Anion exchangers contain positively charged functional groups that bind to negatively charged molecules (anions). These exchangers are used for the separation of negatively charged molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and some proteins.

- Functional group: Strong anion exchangers typically have quaternary ammonium groups (-NR₄⁺), while weak anion exchangers have diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups (-C₂H₅NH⁺).

- Mechanism: Negatively charged molecules in the sample (e.g., nucleotides or proteins with an overall negative charge) are attracted to the positively charged groups on the resin. Changes in ionic strength or pH disrupt the binding, causing the anions to elute.

- Applications: Anion exchange is frequently used in the purification of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), which are negatively charged at neutral pH, or in the separation of acidic proteins that carry a negative charge under certain pH conditions.

Q7. The bullet consists of a core of lead alloy covered with a metallic jacket where the tip of the jacket is thin, which is known as:

a) Armour piercing bullet

b) Tracer bullet

c) Incendiary bullet

d) Dum-dum bullet

Answer: d) Dum-dum bullet

Explanation: The Dum Dum bullet is a type of expanding bullet that is designed to cause severe wounds upon impact. Named after the Dum Dum Arsenal near Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India, where they were first manufactured by the British in the late 19th century, these bullets were intended for use by colonial forces to stop enemies more effectively, especially in conflicts where high stopping power was needed.

Characteristics of Dum Dum Bullets

• Design: Dum Dum bullets typically have a soft-point or hollow-point tip. This design causes the bullet to expand or "mushroom" upon impact with a target. As the bullet deforms, it creates a larger wound cavity, causing more damage to tissues and organs compared to regular full metal jacket bullets.

• Impact: The expanding nature of these bullets makes them particularly lethal, as they transfer more kinetic energy to the target upon impact. This results in greater tissue destruction and more severe injuries. Dum Dum bullets are especially effective at short to medium ranges.

• Wounding: Unlike regular bullets that may pass through a target with a clean entry and exit wound, Dum Dum bullets often remain lodged in the body or break into fragments, making treatment of the injuries more difficult. The expansion of the bullet increases its surface area, causing larger, more incapacitating wounds.

Q8. Match the list-I with list-II:

LIST I (Skull suture) LIST II (Feature)

A. Squamosal. I. unites frontal bone with parietal bone

B. Coronal suture II. unites the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone

C. Sagittal suture III. unites the parietal bones with occipital bone

D. Lambdoid suture IV. unites the 2 parietal bones in the middle

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

3. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II

4. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Answer: 2) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Explanation: The cranial vault sutures are fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that allow for growth during infancy and childhood. The four major cranial vault sutures are:

1. Coronal Suture: Located between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones, it runs from ear to ear across the top of the skull. It plays a key role in the expansion of the skull as the brain grows.

2. Sagittal Suture: Found along the midline of the skull, it joins the two parietal bones. It extends from the front (coronal suture) to the back (lambdoid suture), allowing lateral skull growth.

3. Lambdoid Suture: Situated at the back of the skull, it connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone. It forms a triangular shape and allows for growth in the rear part of the skull.

4. Squamosal Suture: Located on the sides of the skull, it connects the parietal bones to the temporal bones. It has a curved shape and contributes to the side expansion of the skull.

These sutures gradually ossify (close) as a person matures, typically in adulthood, limiting further skull growth.

Q9. While collecting maggot samples for further examination, is preferably placed directly in acetic acid but alternately one can use:

a) Chloroform

b) Ethyl alcohol

c) Hot water

d) Cold water

Answer: b) Ethyl alcohol

Explanation: The most effective general killing and preserving agent is typically a 70% to 80% ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) mixture with water.A maggot should be boiled in water for one minute before being submerged in 70% ethanol to extract any possible DNA.

The specimens may be harmed by ethanol concentrations greater than 80%.

1. Pupae and eggs: 70% ethanol can also be used to preserve these animals.

2. Hard-bodied insects: Prior to being submerged in 70% ethanol, they should be killed in a "kill jar" filled with acetone.

Q10. What is the term applied to the irregular thickening of strokes which is formed when the writing slows down or steps whilst the writer takes stock of the position?

a) Shading

b) Pen pause

c) Hesitation

d) Hiatus

Answer: c) Hesitation

Explanation: The irregular thickening of ink which is found when writing slows down or stops while the pen takes a stock of at the position is known as hesitation.